Atheismus

−2 Latinitas huius paginae dubia est. Corrige si potes. Vide {{latinitas}}.

Atheismus^[2] (Graece ἀ- ‘in-’, ‘sine’ + θεος ‘deus’) sensu latissimo est reiectio fidei deitates exsistere, aut non credere ullo deo.^[3] Sensu strictiore, atheismus est opinio nullos deitates exsistere.^[4] Sensu strictissimo, atheismus simpliciter est absentia fidei ullas deitates exsistere.^[5] Atheismus contra theismum stat,^[6]^[7] qui in forma communissima est fides in una saltem deitate exsistente.^[7]^[8] Asseculae atheismi athei et atheistae appellantur.

Multi atheismum cum indevotione^? agnoscunt, sed nonnullae philosophiae religiosae, sicut theologia saecularis et varietates Buddhismi sicut Theravada, deorum credentia plane carent aut atheismum docent.

Terminus atheismus ortus est sicut epitheton peioravitus^? de homine aut fide contra religionem ratam. Per autem aetates, cum cogitationes, scepticismus, et reprehensio de religione floruerunt, terminus significationem specificam adquisitus ab atheis magis et magis adhibetur.

Definitio

Paulus Henricus Thiry, Baro de Holbach^(fr), atheismi fautor saeculi duodevicensimi.

Non constat definitio verbi atheismus. Alii atheos appellant eos qui deos esse dubitant; alii appellant atheos solos qui nullos deos exsistere plane credunt, et agnosticos qui nullos deos exsistere incerte suspectant.

Auctor studiosusque biologiae Ricardus Dawkins in libro The God Delusion ('Delusio de Deo') dicit continuationem esse graduum fidei de probabilitate dei:

100%. Theismus fortis: dixit Carolus Jung “non credo, scio.”
Paene 100%. “Non scio, sed fortiter credo, agoque quasi est deus.”
Paulo plus quam 50%. Agnosticus qui se inclinatur ad theismum.
50%. Agnosticus.
Paulo minus quam 50%. Agnosticus qui se inclinatur ad atheismum.
Paene 0%. “Nescio, sed fortiter dubito, agoque quasi non est deus.”
0%. “Scio deum non esse”

Dawkins dubitat quin multi “7” sint, et se “6.8” esse ait.

Historia

Asia

Ortu religionibus Dharmicis, multi in Asia fidem in unum deum reiecerunt. Adhuc, pauci in Asia orientalis in deum credunt.

Europa Antiqua

Philosophi Graeci, Iudaei, Christianiique eos qui in deos Graecos non credebant, ἄθεος appellaverunt. Diagorus Meli primus atheistus appellatus est, qui iniuriis impunitis fidem in deos reiecit; ille mysteria Eleusinia reprehendit, et statua dei in ignem deiecta rogavit quin deus ipsum non conservatus esset. Socrates ab accusatoribus “atheus” appellatus est.

Notae

↑ Nomen substantivum αθεοι—in ullis suarum formis—alibi in Septuaginta vel Novo Testamento non invenitur. Robertson, A. T. (1960 [1932]). Ephesians: Chapter 2. Word Pictures in the New Testament. Broadman Press: “Old Greek word, not in LXX, only here in N.T. Atheists in the original sense of being without God and also in the sense of hostility to God from failure to worship him. Vide verba Pauli in Rom. 1:18–32.”
↑ S. Axters, Scholastiek lexicon Latijn-Nederlandsch (Antverpiae: Geloofsverdediging, 1937).
↑
Conferantur:
- Nielsen, Kai (2010). Atheism. Encyclopædia Britannica: “Atheism, in general, the critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or spiritual beings. . . . Instead of saying that an atheist is someone who believes that it is false or probably false that there is a God, a more adequate characterization of atheism consists in the more complex claim that to be an atheist is to be someone who rejects belief in God for the following reasons (which reason is stressed depends on how God is being conceived)”.
- Edwards, Paulus; Borchert, Donaldus M., red. (2005 [1967]). Atheism. The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 1 (2a. ed.). Macmillan Reference USA (Gale). p. 359. ISBN 9780028657806: “On our definition, an ‘atheist’ is a person who rejects belief in God, regardless of whether or not his reason for the rejection is the claim that 'God exists' expresses a false proposition. People frequently adopt an attitude of rejection toward a position for reasons other than that it is a false proposition. It is common among contemporary philosophers, and indeed it was not uncommon in earlier centuries, to reject positions on the ground that they are meaningless. Sometimes, too, a theory is rejected on such grounds as that it is sterile or redundant or capricious, and there are many other considerations which in certain contexts are generally agreed to constitute good grounds for rejecting an assertion.” (Pagina 175 in editione 1967.)
↑ Rowe, Gulielmus L.; Craig, Eduardus, red. (1998). Atheism. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780415073103: “As commonly understood, atheism is the position that affirms the nonexistence of God. So an atheist is someone who disbelieves in God, whereas a theist is someone who believes in God. Another meaning of “atheism” is simply nonbelief in the existence of God, rather than positive belief in the nonexistence of God. . . . An atheist, in the broader sense of the term, is someone who disbelieves in every form of deity, not just the God of traditional Western theology.”
↑
Commentarius societatis Religioustolerance.org de Definitionibus nominibus “Atheism” subicit nullum consensum de definitione nominis esse. Simon Blackburn in The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy adfirmat: “Atheism. Either the lack of belief in a god, or the belief that there is none”. Plurima dictionaria unam ex angustioribus definitionibus offerunt.
- Runes, Dagobert D., red. (1942). Dictionary of Philosophy. Nova Caesarea: Littlefield, Adams & Co. Philosophical Library. ISBN 0-06-463461-2: “(a) the belief that there is no God; (b) Some philosophers have been called ‘atheistic’ because they have not held to a belief in a personal God. Atheism in this sense means ‘not theistic’. The former meaning of the term is a literal rendering. The latter meaning is a less rigorous use of the term though widely current in the history of thought ”.
↑ Definitions: Atheism. Department of Religious Studies, University of Alabama.
1 2 Theism. Oxford English Dictionary (2a. ed.). 1989: “Belief in a deity, or deities, as opposed to atheism”.
↑ Theism. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary: “belief in the existence of a god or gods”.
↑ "Special Eurobarometer: Biotechnology" (PDF). October 2010. p. 381 .

Bibliographia

Baggini, Julian. 2003. Atheism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxoniae: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192804243.
Martin, Michael, red. (2007). The Cambridge Companion to Atheism. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521603676
Smith, auctoris George H. (1979). Atheism: The Case Against God. Buffalo Novi Eboraci: Prometheus. ISBN 0-87975-124-X.
Zdybicka, Zofia J.; Maryniarczyk, Andrzej, red. (2005). Universal Encyclopedia of Philosophy [PDF]. vol. 1. Polish Thomas Aquinas Association

Res additae

Berman, David (1990). A History of Atheism in Britain: From Hobbes to Russell. Londinii: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-04727-7
Buckley, M. J. (1990). At the Origins of Modern Atheism. Portu Novi Connecticutae: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300048971
Dawkins, Ricardus (2006). The God Delusion. Bantam Press. ISBN 0593055489
Flew, Antony (2005). God and Philosophy. Prometheus Books. ISBN 1591023300
Flynn, Tom, red. (2007). The New Encyclopedia of Unbelief. Buffalo Novi Eboraci: Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-59102-391-2
Gaskin, J. C. A., red. (1989). Varieties of Unbelief: From Epicurus to Sartre. Novi Eboraci: Macmillan. ISBN 002340681X
Germani, Alan (2008). The Mystical Ethics of the New Atheists. The Objective Standard. 3 (3). Glen Allen Press
Harbour, Daniel (2003). An Intelligent Person's Guide to Atheism. Londinii: Duckworth. ISBN 0-7156-3229-9
Harris, Sam (2006). Letter to a Christian Nation. Knopf. ISBN 978-0307265777
Harris, Sam (die 2 Octobris 2007). The Problem with Atheism. The Washington Post
Hitchens, Christopher (2007). God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything. Twelve. ISBN 978-0446579803
Jacoby, Susan (2004). Freethinkers: A History of American Secularism. Metropolitan Books. ISBN 978-0805074420
Krueger, D. E. (1998). What is Atheism?: A Short Introduction. Novi Eboraci: Prometheus. ISBN 1-57392-214-5
Le Poidevin, R. (1996). Arguing for Atheism: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion. Londinii: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-09338-4
Mackie, J. L. (1982). The Miracle of Theism: Arguments For and Against the Existence of God. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 019824682X
Maritain, Jacques (1953). The Range of Reason. Londinii: Geoffrey Bles. ISBN B0007DKP00
Martin, Michael (1990). Atheism: A Philosophical Justification. Philadelphiae: Temple University Press. ISBN 0-87722-943-0
Martin, Michaël, red. & Monnier, Ricki, red. (2003). The Impossibility of God. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-59102-120-0
Martin, Michaël, red. & Monnier, Ricki, red. (2006). The Improbability of God. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-59102-381-5
McTaggart, Iohannes & McTaggart, Ellis (1930 [1906]). Some Dogmas of Religion (ed. nova). Londinii: Edward Arnold & Co.. ISBN 0-548-14955-0
Nielsen, Kai (1985). Philosophy and Atheism. Novi Eboraci: Prometheus. ISBN 0-87975-289-0
Nielsen, Kai (2001). Naturalism and Religion. Novi Eboraci: Prometheus. ISBN 1573928534
Oppy, Graham (2006). Arguing about Gods. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521863864
Robinson, Richard (1964). An Atheist's Values. Oxoniae: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0198241917
Russell, Paul; Zalta, Edward N., red. (hieme anni 2008). Hume on Religion. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab
Sharpe, R.A. (1997). The Moral Case Against Religious Belief. Londinii: SCM Press. ISBN 0-334-02680-6
Stenger, Victor J. 2007. God: The Failed Hypothesis: How Science Shows that God Does Not Exist. Amherst Novi Eboraci: Prometheus. ISBN 1591024811.
Thrower, James (1971). A Short History of Western Atheism. Londinii: Pemberton. ISBN 0-301-71101-1

Nexus interni

Nexus externi

Encyclopaedia atheismi.^{[nexus deficit]} athpedia.de.
Bibliotheca Augustana, textus atheismum provehens: http://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost17/Mueller/mue_impo.html Iohannis Ioachimi Müller: De tribus impostoribus, anno 1598

[1] Nomen substantivum αθεοι—in ullis suarum formis—alibi in Septuaginta vel Novo Testamento non invenitur. Robertson, A. T. (1960 [1932]). Ephesians: Chapter 2. Word Pictures in the New Testament. Broadman Press: “Old Greek word, not in LXX, only here in N.T. Atheists in the original sense of being without God and also in the sense of hostility to God from failure to worship him. Vide verba Pauli in Rom. 1:18–32.”

[Axters1937-2] S. Axters, Scholastiek lexicon Latijn-Nederlandsch (Antverpiae: Geloofsverdediging, 1937).

[3] Conferantur:
Nielsen, Kai (2010). Atheism. Encyclopædia Britannica: “Atheism, in general, the critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or spiritual beings. . . . Instead of saying that an atheist is someone who believes that it is false or probably false that there is a God, a more adequate characterization of atheism consists in the more complex claim that to be an atheist is to be someone who rejects belief in God for the following reasons (which reason is stressed depends on how God is being conceived)”.

Edwards, Paulus; Borchert, Donaldus M., red. (2005 [1967]). Atheism. The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 1 (2a. ed.). Macmillan Reference USA (Gale). p. 359. ISBN 9780028657806: “On our definition, an ‘atheist’ is a person who rejects belief in God, regardless of whether or not his reason for the rejection is the claim that 'God exists' expresses a false proposition. People frequently adopt an attitude of rejection toward a position for reasons other than that it is a false proposition. It is common among contemporary philosophers, and indeed it was not uncommon in earlier centuries, to reject positions on the ground that they are meaningless. Sometimes, too, a theory is rejected on such grounds as that it is sterile or redundant or capricious, and there are many other considerations which in certain contexts are generally agreed to constitute good grounds for rejecting an assertion.” (Pagina 175 in editione 1967.)

[mwrg] Nielsen, Kai (2010). Atheism. Encyclopædia Britannica: “Atheism, in general, the critique and denial of metaphysical beliefs in God or spiritual beings. . . . Instead of saying that an atheist is someone who believes that it is false or probably false that there is a God, a more adequate characterization of atheism consists in the more complex claim that to be an atheist is to be someone who rejects belief in God for the following reasons (which reason is stressed depends on how God is being conceived)”.

[mwuQ] Edwards, Paulus; Borchert, Donaldus M., red. (2005 [1967]). Atheism. The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 1 (2a. ed.). Macmillan Reference USA (Gale). p. 359. ISBN 9780028657806: “On our definition, an ‘atheist’ is a person who rejects belief in God, regardless of whether or not his reason for the rejection is the claim that 'God exists' expresses a false proposition. People frequently adopt an attitude of rejection toward a position for reasons other than that it is a false proposition. It is common among contemporary philosophers, and indeed it was not uncommon in earlier centuries, to reject positions on the ground that they are meaningless. Sometimes, too, a theory is rejected on such grounds as that it is sterile or redundant or capricious, and there are many other considerations which in certain contexts are generally agreed to constitute good grounds for rejecting an assertion.” (Pagina 175 in editione 1967.)

[RoweRoutledge-4] Rowe, Gulielmus L.; Craig, Eduardus, red. (1998). Atheism. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780415073103: “As commonly understood, atheism is the position that affirms the nonexistence of God. So an atheist is someone who disbelieves in God, whereas a theist is someone who believes in God. Another meaning of “atheism” is simply nonbelief in the existence of God, rather than positive belief in the nonexistence of God. . . . An atheist, in the broader sense of the term, is someone who disbelieves in every form of deity, not just the God of traditional Western theology.”

[5] Commentarius societatis Religioustolerance.org de Definitionibus nominibus “Atheism” subicit nullum consensum de definitione nominis esse. Simon Blackburn in The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy adfirmat: “Atheism. Either the lack of belief in a god, or the belief that there is none”. Plurima dictionaria unam ex angustioribus definitionibus offerunt.
Runes, Dagobert D., red. (1942). Dictionary of Philosophy. Nova Caesarea: Littlefield, Adams & Co. Philosophical Library. ISBN 0-06-463461-2: “(a) the belief that there is no God; (b) Some philosophers have been called ‘atheistic’ because they have not held to a belief in a personal God. Atheism in this sense means ‘not theistic’. The former meaning of the term is a literal rendering. The latter meaning is a less rigorous use of the term though widely current in the history of thought ”.

[mw7w] Runes, Dagobert D., red. (1942). Dictionary of Philosophy. Nova Caesarea: Littlefield, Adams & Co. Philosophical Library. ISBN 0-06-463461-2: “(a) the belief that there is no God; (b) Some philosophers have been called ‘atheistic’ because they have not held to a belief in a personal God. Atheism in this sense means ‘not theistic’. The former meaning of the term is a literal rendering. The latter meaning is a less rigorous use of the term though widely current in the history of thought ”.

[6] Definitions: Atheism. Department of Religious Studies, University of Alabama.

[OED-theism-7] 1 2 Theism. Oxford English Dictionary (2a. ed.). 1989: “Belief in a deity, or deities, as opposed to atheism”.

[8] Theism. Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary: “belief in the existence of a god or gods”.

[EB2010-9] "Special Eurobarometer: Biotechnology" (PDF). October 2010. p. 381 .

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]