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Cockade

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Image
A woman fastening a red-and-white cockade to a Polish insurgent's square-shaped rogatywka cap during the January Uprising of 1863–64

A cockade is a knot of ribbons, or other circular- or oval-shaped symbol of distinctive colours which is usually worn on a hat or cap. The word cockade derives from the French cocarde, from Old French coquarde, feminine of coquard (vain, arrogant), from coc (cock), of imitative origin. The earliest documented use was in 1709.[1][2]

The first cockades were introduced in Europe in the 15th century.[3][4] The armies of the European states used them to signal the nationality of their soldiers to distinguish allies from enemies.[3][4] These first cockades were inspired by the distinctive coloured bands and ribbons that were used in the Late Middle Ages by knights, both in war and in tournaments, which had the same purpose, namely to distinguish the opponent from the fellow soldier.[5]

The cockade later became a widespread revolutionary symbol par excellence during the Age of Revolutions of the 18th and 19th centuries. Its main characteristic was that of being able to be clearly visible, thus giving way to unequivocally identify the political ideas of the person who wore it, as well as that of being, in case of need, better hideable than, for example, a flag.[6]

18th century

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The cockade of France, which originated and spread among the revolts of the French Revolution
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The cockade of Italy, on which the national colours of Italy were based in 1789

In the 18th and 19th centuries, coloured cockades were used in Europe to show the allegiance of their wearers to some political faction, or to show their rank or to indicate a servant's livery.[7][8] Because individual armies might wear a variety of differing regimental uniforms, cockades were used as an effective and economical means of national identification.[9]

A cockade was pinned on the side of a man's tricorne or cocked hat, or on his lapel. Women could also wear it on their hat or in their hair.

In pre-revolutionary France, the cockade of the Bourbon dynasty was all white.[10][11][12] In the Kingdom of Great Britain supporters of a Jacobite restoration wore white cockades, while the recently established Hanoverian monarchy used a black cockade.[13][14][15][16] The Hanoverians also accorded the right to all German nobility to wear the black cockade in the United Kingdom.

During the 1780 Gordon Riots in London, the blue cockade became a symbol of anti-government feelings and was worn by most of the rioters.[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]

During the American Revolution, the Continental Army initially wore cockades of various colors as an ad hoc form of rank insignia, as General George Washington wrote:

As the Continental Army has unfortunately no uniforms, and consequently many inconveniences must arise from not being able to distinguish the commissioned officers from the privates, it is desired that some badge of distinction be immediately provided; for instance that the field officers may have red or pink colored cockades in their hats, the captains yellow or buff, and the subalterns green.[25][26]

Before long however, the Continental Army reverted to wearing the black cockade they inherited from the British. Later, when France became an ally of the United States, the Continental Army pinned the white cockade of the French Ancien Régime onto their old black cockade; the French reciprocally pinned the black cockade onto their white cockade, as a mark of the French-American alliance. The black-and-white cockade thus became known as the "Union Cockade".[27][28][29][30][31]

In the Storming of the Bastille, Camille Desmoulins initially encouraged the revolutionary crowd to wear green. This colour was later rejected as it was associated with the Count of Artois. Instead, revolutionaries would wear cockades with the traditional colours of the arms of Paris: red and blue. Later, the Bourbon white was added to this cockade, thus producing the original cockade of France.[30] Later, distinctive colours and styles of cockade would indicate the wearer's faction; although the meanings of the various styles were not entirely consistent, and they varied somewhat by region and period.

The cockade of Italy is one of the national symbols of the country and is composed of the three colours of the Italian flag with the green in the centre, the white immediately outside and the red on the edge.[32] The cockade, a revolutionary symbol, was the protagonist of the uprisings that characterized the Italian unification, being pinned on the jacket or on the hats in its tricolour form by many of the patriots of this period of Italian history. The Italian tricolour cockade appeared for the first time in Genoa on 21 August 1789,[33] and with it the colours of the three Italian national colours.[33] Seven years later, the first tricolour military banner was adopted by the Lombard Legion in Milan on 11 October 1796,[34] and eight years later, the birth of the flag of Italy had its origins on 7 January 1797, when it became for the first time a national flag of an Italian sovereign State, the Cispadane Republic.[35]

European military

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John VI of Portugal wearing the blue-and-red cockade of Portugal on a military cocked hat
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A metal cockade on the swivel of a Pickelhaube helmet.

From the 15th century, various European monarchy realms used cockades to denote the nationalities of their militaries.[36][37] Their origin reverts to the distinctive colored band or ribbon worn by late medieval armies or jousting knights on their arms or headgear to distinguish friend from foe in the field of battle. Ribbon-style cockades were worn later upon helmets and brimmed hats or tricornes and bicornes just as the French did, and also on cocked hats and shakoes. Coloured metal cockades were worn at the right side of helmets; while small button-type cockades were worn at the front of kepis and peaked caps.[38][39] In addition to the significance of these symbols in denoting loyalty to a particular monarch, the coloured cockade served to provide a common and economical field sign at a time when the colours of uniform coats might vary widely between regiments in a single army.[40]

During the Napoleonic Wars, the armies of France and Russia, had the imperial French cockade or the larger cockade of St. George pinned on the front of their shakos.[41]

The Second German Empire (1870–1918) used two cockades on each army headgear: one (black-white-red) for the empire; the other for one of the monarchies the empire was composed of, which had used their own colors long before. The only exceptions were the Kingdoms of Bavaria and Württemberg, having preserved the right to keep their own armed forces which were not integrated in the Imperial Army. Their only cockades were either white-blue-white (Bavaria) or black-red-black (Württemberg).[42][7][43]

The Weimar Republic (1919–1933) removed these, as they might promote separatism which would lead to the dissolution of the German nation-state into regional countries again.[44] When the Nazis came to power, they rejected the democratic German colours of black-red-gold used by the Weimar Republic. Nazis reintroduced the imperial colours (in German: die kaiserlichen Farben or Reichsfarben) of black on the outside, white next, and a red center. The Nazi government used black-white-red on all army caps.[45] These colours represented the biggest and the smallest countries of the Reich: large Prussia (black and white) and the tiny Hanseatic League city states of Hamburg, Bremen and Lübeck (white and red).

France began the first Air Service in 1909 and soon picked the traditional French cockade as the first national emblem, now usually termed a roundel, on military aircraft. During World War I, other countries adopted national cockades and used these coloured emblems as roundels on their military aircraft. These designs often bear an additional central device or emblem to further identify national aircraft, those from the French navy bearing a black anchor within the French cockade.[46]

Hungarian revolutionaries wore cockades during the Hungarian revolution of 1848 and during the 1956 revolution. Because of this, Hungarians traditionally wear cockades on 15 March.[47][48]

Confederate States

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Echoing their use when Americans rebelled against Britain, cockades – usually made with blue ribbons and worn on clothing or hats – were widespread tokens of Southern support for secession preceding the American Civil War of 1861–1865.[49]

List of national cockades

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Cockade on the caps of certified persons serving in the pilot service of Russia, 1913.
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Carabinieri in full uniform at the military parade of the Festa della Repubblica of 2 June 2006. On their hat, under the coat of arms, is the cockade of Italy.

Below is a list of national and subnational cockades (colors listed from center to ring):[50][51]

Country
and date		 Description Image
Image Albania red-black-red Image
Image Antigua and Barbuda black-gold-blue-white-red Image
Image Argentina sky blue-white-sky blue Image
Image Armenia orange-blue-red Image
Image Austrian Empire
before 1918		 black-gold Image
Image Austria
since 1918		 red-white-red Image
Image Azerbaijan green-red-light blue Image
Image Bangladesh gold-red-green Image
Image Belgium black-yellow-red Image
Image Bolivia
(1825–1826)		 green-red-green (with a white 5 pointed star in the center) Image
Image Bolivia
(1826–1851)		 green-red-yellow Image
Image Bolivia green-yellow-red Image
Image Brazil blue-yellow-green Image
Image Bulgaria red-green-white Image
Image Chile blue-white-red (with a white 5 pointed star in the blue portion) Image
Image Colombia yellow-blue-red Image
Image Croatia red-white-blue Image
Image Denmark
(early 19th century)		 black
Image Denmark red-white-red Image
Image Ecuador red-blue-yellow Image
Image Egypt
(1922–1953)		 green-white-green Image
Image Egypt black-white-red Image
Image Estonia white-black-blue Image
Image Ethiopia
(until 1936)		 green-yellow-red Image
Image Ethiopia red-yellow-green Image
Image Finland white-blue-white Image
Image France
(1794–1814, 1815 and current since 1830)		 blue-white-red Image
Image France
(before 1794, 1814–1815 and 1815–1830)		 white
Image Gabon green-yellow-light blue Image
Image Georgia
(1990–2004)		 black-white-wine red Image
Image German Confederation
(1848–1871)		 gold-red-black
Image German Empire (1871–1918)
Image Weimar Germany (1918–1933)
Image Nazi Germany (1933–1945)		 red-white-black Image
Image East Germany
(1956–1959)		 black-red-gold Image
Image Germany black-red-gold Image
Image Ghana green-yellow-red Image
Image Greece
(1822)		 white-blue-white Image
Image Greece
(1833)		 blue-white Image
Image Greece blue-white Image
Image Hungary green-white-red Image
Image Iceland blue-white-red-white-blue Image
Image India green-white-saffron Image
Image Iran red-white-green Image
Image Ireland
(until 1922)		 green or sky blue Image
Image Ireland
(since 1922)		 green-white-orange Image
Image Italy
(1861–1948)		 savoy blue Image
Image Italy
(since 1948)		 green-white-red Image
Image Japan red-white Image
Image Kenya green-white-red-white-black Image
Image Latvia carmine-white-carmine Image
Image Lithuania red-green-yellow Image
Image Mexico green-white-red Image
Image Monaco white-red-white Image
Image Moravia red-white-blue Image
Image Netherlands orange Image
Image Nigeria green-white-green Image
Image Norway red-white-blue-white Image
Image Pakistan white-green-yellow Image
Image Paraguay blue-white-red Image
Peru Peru red-white-red Image
Philippines Philippines
(1898–1901)		 red-blue-silver Image
Image Poland red-white Image
Portugal Portugal
(until 1797)		 green-white Image
Portugal Portugal
(1797–1820 and 1823–1830)		 blue-red Image
Portugal Portugal
(1821–1823 and 1830–1910)		 blue-white Image
Image Portugal green-red Image
Image Romania blue-yellow-red Image
Russia Russia
(until 1917)		 black-orange-black-orange-white Image
Image Russia black-orange-black-orange Image
Image San Marino white-blue Image
Image Serbia red-blue-white Image
Seychelles Seychelles
(1978–1996)		 green-white-red Image
Image Sierra Leone light blue-white-green Image
Image Slovenia red-blue-white Image
Image Spain
(until 1843 and 1844–1871)		 red Image
Image Spain
(1843–1844 and current since 1871)		 red-yellow-red Image
Image Sweden
(military)		 yellow Image
Image Sweden
(civilian)		 blue-yellow Image
Image Thailand red-white-blue-white-red Image
South Africa Transvaal green-red-white-blue Image
Image Turkey red-white-red Image
Image Ukraine light blue-yellow Image
Image United Kingdom white (Stuart dynasty), black (Hanoverian dynasty), red-white-blue Image
Image United States
(War of Independence)		 black-white-black Image
Image United States
(19th century)		 blue with an eagle in the centre Image
Image United States white-blue-red Image
Uruguay Uruguay
(1828–1916)		 sky blue Image
Uruguay Uruguay
(civilian)		 blue-white-blue-white-blue-white-blue-white Image
Uruguay Uruguay
(military)		 blue-white-blue with a red diagonal line Image
Uruguay Uruguay
(police)		 red-white-blue Image
Image Venezuela red-blue-yellow Image
Image Yugoslavia blue-white-red Image

Component states of the German Empire (1871–1918)

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Cockades of the German Empire

The German Empire had, besides the national cockade, also cockades for several of its states,[52] seen in the following table:

State Description
Anhalt green
Baden yellow-red-yellow
Bavaria white-sky blue-white
Brunswick blue-yellow-blue
Hanseatic cities (Bremen, Hamburg, Lübeck) white with a red cross
Hesse white-red-white-red-white
Lippe yellow-red-yellow
Mecklenburg-Schwerin and -Streliz red-yellow-blue
Oldenburg blue-red-blue
Prussia black-white-black
Reuss-Gera and -Greiz black-red-yellow
Saxe-Altenburg, -Coburg and Gotha and -Meiningen green-white-green
Saxe-Weimar black-yellow-green
Saxony white-green-white
Schaumburg-Lippe blue-red-white
Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt blue-white-blue
Schwarzburg-Sonderhausen white-blue-white
Waldeck black-red-yellow
Württemberg black-red-black

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ↑ "Cockade".
  2. ↑ "The American Heritage Dictionary entry: Cockade".
  3. 1 2 Adye 1802, p. 271.
  4. 1 2 Troiani 1998, p. 99.
  5. ↑ Lucchetti 2014, Chapt. 22.
  6. ↑ "La politica dei colori nell'Italia contemporanea" (in Italian). Retrieved 5 August 2018.
  7. 1 2 Maxwell, A. (2014). Patriots Against Fashion: Clothing and Nationalism in Europe's Age of Revolutions. Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 9781137277145. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  8. ↑ Newman, S.P. (2010). Parades and the Politics of the Street: Festive Culture in the Early American Republic. University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated. p. 161. ISBN 9780812200478. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  9. ↑ Mollo, John (1972). Military Fashion. Barrie and Jenkins. p. 22. ISBN 0-214-65349-8.
  10. ↑ The White Cockade; Or, Bourbon Songster: Being a Patriotic Collection of Songs on the Downfall of Tyranny, and Restoration of Louis XVIII., Etc. [A Chap-book.]. J. Evans & Son. 1814. p. 2. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  11. ↑ Cobbett, W. (1814). Cobbett's Political Register. Vol. 25. William Cobbett. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  12. ↑ Jones, C. (2006). Paris: Biography of a City. Penguin Books Limited. ISBN 9780141941912. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  13. ↑ Cormack, W.S. (2002). Revolution and Political Conflict in the French Navy 1789-1794. Cambridge University Press. p. 65. ISBN 9780521893756. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  14. ↑ Hofschröer, P.; Fosten, B. (2012). The Hanoverian Army of the Napoleonic Wars. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781780965178. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  15. ↑ Jones, G.M. (1827). Travels in Norway, Sweden, Finland, Russia and Turkey: also on the coasts of the sea of Azof and of the Black sea; with a review of the trade in those seas, and of the systems adopted to man the fleets of the different powers of Europe, compared with that of England. J. Murray. p. 22. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  16. ↑ Franklin, C. (2012). British Army Uniforms of the American Revolution 1751-1783. Pen & Sword Books Limited. p. 111. ISBN 9781848846906. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  17. ↑ Babington, A. (2015). Military Intervention in Britain: From the Gordon Riots to the Gibraltar Incident. Taylor & Francis. p. 21. ISBN 9781317397717. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  18. ↑ Stockdale, J.J. (1810). The Covent Garden Journal ... J.J. Stockdale. p. 130. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  19. ↑ Livingston, D.W. (1998). Philosophical Melancholy and Delirium: Hume's Pathology of Philosophy. University of Chicago Press. p. 275. ISBN 9780226487175. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  20. ↑ Popular educator (1767). The popular educator. p. 254. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  21. ↑ Bloom, C. (2012). Riot City: Protest and Rebellion in the Capital. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 147. ISBN 9781137029362. Retrieved 2017-03-05.[permanent dead link]
  22. ↑ Walker, G.; Verhoeven, W.M. (2004). The Vagabond. Broadview Press. p. 253. ISBN 9781460404256. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  23. ↑ CLIFFORD, H.; Brandon, J. (1809). Clifford for ever! O.P. and no P.B. The Trial between H. Clifford, plaintiff, and J. Brandon, defendant, for an assault and false imprisonment, etc. John Fairburn. p. 19. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  24. ↑ Haywood, I.; Seed, J. (2012). The Gordon Riots: Politics, Culture and Insurrection in Late Eighteenth-Century Britain. Cambridge University Press. p. 107. ISBN 9780521195423. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  25. ↑ "Defense.gov News Article: Insignia: The Way You Tell Who's Who in the Military". United States Department of Defense. Archived from the original on 2018-01-23. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  26. ↑ Force, P. (1844). American archives. Рипол Классик. pp. 2–1745. ISBN 9785885286961. Retrieved 2017-03-05. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  27. ↑ Field, R.; Hook, A. (2013). LincolnÂ?s 90-Day Volunteers 1861: From Fort Sumter to First Bull Run. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 47. ISBN 9781782009214. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  28. ↑ Richards, J.H. (1997). Early American Drama. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 68. ISBN 9781101177211. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  29. ↑ Winkle, K.J. (2013). Lincoln's Citadel: The Civil War in Washington, DC. W. W. Norton. ISBN 9780393240573. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  30. 1 2 Maxwell, A. (2014). Patriots Against Fashion: Clothing and Nationalism in Europe's Age of Revolutions. Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 9781137277145. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  31. ↑ Fahs, A. (2010). The Imagined Civil War: Popular Literature of the North and South, 1861-1865. University of North Carolina Press. p. 43. ISBN 9780807899298. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  32. ↑ "La Coccarda alla Biblioteca Museo Risorgimento" (in Italian). Retrieved 7 May 2017.
  33. 1 2 Ferorelli, Nicola (1925). "La vera origine del tricolore italiano". Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento (in Italian). XII (fasc. III): 662. Archived from the original on 2019-03-31. Retrieved 2019-09-25.
  34. ↑ "L'Esercito del primo Tricolore" (PDF) (in Italian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 March 2017. Retrieved 8 March 2017.
  35. ↑ "I simboli della Repubblica" (PDF) (in Italian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 October 2015. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
  36. ↑ ADYE, R.W. (1802). The Little Bombardier, and Pocket Gunner. By Ralph Willett Adye. T. Egerton. p. 271. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  37. ↑ Troiani, D.; Kochan, J.L.; Coates, J.; Kochan, J. (1998). Don Troiani's Soldiers in America, 1754-1865. Stackpole Books. p. 99. ISBN 9780811705196. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  38. ↑ Stone, D. (2015). The Kaiser's Army: The German Army in World War One. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781844862924. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  39. ↑ Kidd, R.S. (2013). MILITARY UNIFORMS IN EUROPE 1900 - 2000 Volume One. LULU Press. p. 128. ISBN 9781291187441. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  40. ↑ Mollo, John (1972). Military Fashion. pp. 30–31. ISBN 0-214-65349-8.
  41. ↑ Dempsey, G. (2002). Napoleon's Mercenaries: Foreign Units in the French Army Under the Consulate and Empire, 1799-1814. Greenhill Books. p. 267. ISBN 9781853674884. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  42. ↑ Kidd, R.Spencer (October 2013). Military Uniforms in Europe 1900-2000 Vol. One. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-291-18744-1.
  43. ↑ D, D.T.Z.P. (2014). Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History [4 volumes]: 400 Years of Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 494. ISBN 9781598849813. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  44. ↑ Williamson, G.; Pavlovic, D. (2012). U-Boat Crews 1914–45. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9781780967905. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  45. ↑ de Quesada, A.; Dale, C.; Walsh, S. (2013). Imperial German Colonial and Overseas Troops 1885?1918. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 47. ISBN 9781780961651. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  46. ↑ Cooke, J.J. (1996). The U.S. Air Service in the Great War, 1917-1919. Praeger. p. 202. ISBN 9780275948627. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  47. ↑ Wöll, A.; Wydra, H. (2007). Democracy and Myth in Russia and Eastern Europe. Taylor & Francis. p. 182. ISBN 9781134089086. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  48. ↑ Gyarfasova, O.; Liebhart, K. (2014). Constructing and Communicating Europe. Lit Verlag. p. 202. ISBN 9783643905154. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  49. ↑ Goodheart, Adam (November 15, 2010). "Female Partisans" (blog). The New York Times. Retrieved October 14, 2022.
  50. ↑ "Tableau comparatif de la superficie, population totale et pop. par m. géogr. de tous les Etats du monde, avec les cocardes et pavillons les plus connus / dressé d'après Malte-Brun, Hassel, Balbi et autres sources authentiques par C. Desjardins; A. Haas, script" (in French). Gallica. 1833. Retrieved 2017-03-05 – via gallica.bnf.fr.
  51. ↑ "Tableau comparatif de la superficie et de la population absolue et relative de tous les Etats du monde avec leurs pavillons et cocardes / dressé d'après les documens les plus récens par Ct. Desjardins,...; Lith. de Mantoux,..." (in French). Gallica. 1842. Retrieved 2017-03-05 – via gallica.bnf.fr.
  52. ↑ Hein. Das kleine Buch vom Deutschen Heere 1901.

Sources

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  • Wikimedia Commons logo Media related to Cockades at Wikimedia Commons
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