| carbon, n.falsefalse$Revision$Pronunciation:  , Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French carbone. Etymology: < French carbone ( L. B. Guyton de Morveau et al. Méthode de nomencl. chim. ( 1787) 164) < classical Latin carbōn- , carbō piece of charcoal, in post-classical Latin also coal (from 13th cent. in British sources), perhaps ultimately < the same Indo-European base as Compare earlier (Show Less) 1. b. Chemistry. With a numeral, denoting a particular isotope of carbon. Compounds C1. attributive. a. 1807 J. Barlow v. 197
When at his word the carbon clouds shall rise. 1837 5 392
In one volume of the carburet, there are two of hydrogen and two of carbon vapour. 1876 R. Routledge 308
Such is..the spectrum which these incandescent carbon particles produce: it resembles the solar spectrum. 1908 1 Oct. 4/2
Carbon deposits from the piston or combustion-chamber walls. 1950 L. E. Hawker iv. 122
Fumaric acid was produced containing the labelled carbon isotope in the carboxyl group. 1970 14 135
The carbon slurry is drawn off the bottom of the column to one of the dewatering bins. 1990 Jan. 20/2
The low carbon content of wrought iron makes it very malleable. 2007
(Nexis)
13 July j2
Carbon deposits can build up around fuel injectors and carburetors. 1807—2007(Hide quotations) (b) 1843 S. L. Metcalfe II. ii. 517
The immediate union of many oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon atoms. 1932 I. D. Garard ii. 20
At average room temperature, those normal paraffin hydrocarbons containing four carbon atoms or less are gaseous. 2005 R. McNeill Alexander vi. 153
The first stage of photosynthesis for most trees, shrubs and temperate grasses is the formation of a molecule containing three carbon atoms. 1843—2005(Hide quotations) 1855 E. L. Youmans vi. 52
Carbon..exists in every organized substance; so that this branch of the science has been defined as the chemistry of carbon compounds. 1907 G. M. Norman ii. 96
The Carius method for estimating halogens in carbon compounds. 1998 L. Margulis & K. V. Schwartz
(ed. 3)
i. 59/1
Halophils abide in a variety of newly discovered hypersaline environments, taking in as food a variety of carbon compounds. 1855—1998(Hide quotations) b. 1856 8 236
A decomposing tube in which the gases are generated from carbon poles. 1859 1 Oct. 230/2
The carbon cylinders for the Bunsen batteries are made with powdered hard charcoal. 1875 P. G. Hamerton
(ed. 2)
vii. iii. 238
The light that plays between the wedded intelligences as the electric light burns between two carbon points. 1922 T. M. Lowry xviii. 191
Molten silver chloride is electrolysed between a silver cathode and a carbon anode. 1935 C. J. Smith
(ed. 2)
v. xlix. 832
The ends of the coil are joined to two metal rings each touching..a carbon plate. 1953 F. G. Spreadbury 34
If carbon resistors must be used they should be of the cracked type and underrated. 1986 July 15/4
Golfers from Asia..are using carbon drivers. 1990 28 July 40/4
(advt.)
Browning Pro, competition 11 metre carbon pole. 1998 21 Aug. 111/2
(advt.)
A-class, carbon mast, Kevlar glass epoxy hulls, with launch trolley, cover,..£2,800. 1999 96 14222/2
Electrochemically etching the..wires..with a carbon plate counter electrode. 2005 Apr. 72/2
Carbon forks used to be found on mid-range or better road bikes. 1856—2005(Hide quotations) (b) 1879 1/1
The invention consists in the arrangement of carbon..in rods or threads..and secured in bundles..to form a carbon brush to take the place of carbon plates, points, or candles, now used. 1891 Oct. 219/2
The motor..is fitted with their new self-oiling bearings and carbon brushes. 1947 R. Lee viii. 214
The moving tap is a carbon brush which slides over exposed turns of a winding. 1992 Nov. 10/3
The carbon brushes will also need renewing every so often especially if you see excessive sparking. 1879—1992(Hide quotations) 1845 4 Jan. 29/2
A speck of intense light can be produced, which will enable one to read small print at a distance of nearly eighteen inches from the carbon electrodes. 1890 2 May 267/1
A pencil-shaped carbon electrode, fixed and immovable, standing vertically in the bottom of the lamp-frame. 1970 R. W. Thomas iii. 25/1
The heat is provided by three carbon electrodes supplied through a three-phase transformer. 2001 R. W. Cahn xi. 447
The first dry battery was the 1868 Leclanché cell, using a carbon electrode in a pasty mixture of MnO2 and other constituents. 1845—2001(Hide quotations) 1880 5 Jan. 9/6
The steadiness, reliability, and non-fusibility of the carbon filament, Mr. Edison tells us, are not the only elements incident to the new discovery. 1922
(Brit. Commerc. Gas Assoc.)
ii. 86/1
A carbon filament has an intrinsic brilliancy of about 400 candle-power per square inch. 1993 D. Burrus & R. Gittines
(1994)
App. A. 328
Composites are materials such as ceramics and plastics that have been reinforced with synthetic fibers and carbon filaments. 1880—1993(Hide quotations) 1869
(Royal Soc.)
159 188
In less than half an hour nearly half the thickness of the carbon rod was disintegrated and fell as a loose powder to the bottom of the vessel. 1935 C. J. Smith
(ed. 2)
v. xlviii. 805
The arc lamp consists essentially of two carbon rods, generally at right angles to one another. 1990 Spring 8/3
Many..are now switching to more modern carbon rods. 1869—1990(Hide quotations) 1867 16 222
Vanadium pentoxide fused with sodium carbonate displaces three molecules of carbon dioxide. 1875 28 746
The distillate which comes over slowly consists of perchlorethylene holding in solution aniline and carbon sesquichloride. 1879 1 175
He thus removes carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, cyanogen, carbon disulphide, carbon oxysulphide. 1899 1 July 7/2
A more logical comparison would be that of carbon tetrachloride and carbon dichloride (C2Cl4) or carbon trichloride (C2Cl6). 1940 G. H. J. Adlam & L. S. Price
(ed. 2)
xxxvi. 312
Carbon tetrabromide, CBr4, is made by the action of bromine on carbon disulphide in the presence of iodine as a ‘carrier’ or catalyst. 1993 K. S. Robinson
(new ed.)
190
Factories to produce and release into the atmosphere a special greenhouse gas mix, composed mostly of carbon tetrafluoride, hexafluoroethane, and sulphur hexafluoride. 2006 17 5798
Carbon nitride nanostructures have been created using the novel technique of liquid phase pulsed laser ablation of a graphite target. 1867—2006(Hide quotations) 1890 5 566
Man, the carbon-source, and the cabbage, the oxygen producer, typify two poles of an economic order. 1916 Sept. 294
With the simplest bacteria which live directly on the lifeless world we find that most of the fundamental chemical energies of the living world are already established, namely..the protein and carbon storage, the primary food supply of the living world. a1933 J. A. Thomson
(1934)
II. 1204
The discovery of the process of carbon assimilation (also called photosynthesis)..is an interesting chapter in the history of science. 1957 121 31/1
A consideration of the carbon economy for the highly efficient utilization of CO2 by these plants. 1967 1 147
The carbon budget concept: a quantitative measure of trophic state. 1989 S. H. Schneider
(1990)
vi. 178
Spruce, fir, and hardwood forests would be replaced ‘by a stunted pine-oak forest of much lower carbon storage’. 1993 8 June c4/1
For years, scientists concerned about the environmental effects of burning fossil fuels have tried to balance the global carbon budget. 2002 Winter 4/1
The invasive trees and shrubs that are encroaching onto many areas of natural grassland were thought to be a particularly important carbon sink, helping to balance the nation's ‘carbon budget’. 2002 4 Nov. 12/4
Energy and environment broker Natsource is building a carbon ‘bank’. Companies would deposit emissions cuts and get credit for them under various trading plans. 1890—2002(Hide quotations) C2. Parasynthetic and objective. 1956 V. E. Yarsley & E. G. Couzens 104
Silicones may..be thought of as half-way between carbon-based plastics and silicon-based rocks. 1993 24 Jan. 20/1
Propose an $80-per-ton fee on carbon-based fuels to help stabilize emissions of greenhouse gases. 2002 J. Cohen & I. Stewart iv. 65
Naive astrobiologists take a rigid line and act as if the only possible kind of life is carbon-based with DNA heredity. 1956—2002(Hide quotations) 1843 15 496
What would he say, to extending his theory of those carbon-containing substances a little farther? 1928 A. B. Callow 11
Proteins, carbohydrates, and fats are all carbon-containing (organic) compounds, capable of being used by the body as fuel. 1999 S. Pal Arya i. 12
Carbon-containing material including soot, condensed organic matter, and certain toxic compounds. 1843—1999(Hide quotations) C3. 1879 2 May
Governing the amount of current passing in a carbon arc lamp. 1880 Feb. 534/2
Mr. Edison..soon discarded the carbon arc. 1927 1 Jan. 15
The therapeutical use of the carbon-arc light. 1957
(H. Wiggin & Co. Ltd.)
38
Appropriate electrodes and holders..are available from the usual suppliers of carbon-arc welding equipment. 1997 Apr. 123/3
With carbon arcs, there's a certain color shift in the flashes; they sort of warm up and cool off. 1879—1997(Hide quotations) 1868 H. B. Jones & H. Watts
(ed. 10)
ii. 218
Carbon disulphide or bisulphide. 1936 Feb. 40/1
Ants: Make small holes in infected area... Into each hole put 1 tablespoonful carbon bi-sulphide and cover immediately with soil. 1998
(Nexis)
21 May b1
A Norfolk Southern railcar ruptured and spilled 10,000 gallons of carbon bisulfide into a nearby pond. 1868—1998(Hide quotations) 1876 4 May 24/5
Within the last three or four years several new alloys have been discovered and named, such as steel bronze..and now carbon bronze. 1952 42 379/3
Operation [of a clutch] is by means of a carbon bronze thrust ring. 1998 Nov. 82/3
Large, spring-loaded carbon-bronze contact shoes. 1876—1998(Hide quotations) 1950 31 107/2
The sizes of populations which will be supported in a marine inshore area are dependent upon the quantities of organic detritus which may serve as food, either directly or by contributing to the total carbon budget. 1989
(Nexis)
5 Aug. 36
Moves are afoot..to call an international conference in 1992 on carbon dioxide emissions and global warming similar to the recent meeting at Montreal on the ozone layer. That could result in each country being allocated a 'carbon budget'. 1997 7 461/1
In recent years, there has been considerable interest in evaluating the carbon budget of forest ecosystems, due to their important role as carbon sources and sinks. 2019 R. Chris in T. M. Letcher ii. 61
There is no combination of plausible policies that would avoid breaching the 1.5°C carbon budget. 1950—2019(Hide quotations) 1971 C. S. Decker Accelerated Recovery Acid Strip-mine Lakes
(MS thesis, Univ. of Missouri)
81 in (92nd Congr., 1st Sess.) 4286
Algal utilization of respiratory carbon dioxide provided an important means of carbon capture for reuse as a sulfate reducing bacteria energy source to continue recovery or absorb additional acid inflow. 1995 III. 81
Carbon capture from power stations. 2009
(Rio Tinto)
Sept. 26/2
As well as creating one of the first commercially robust power generation plants in the world with carbon capture facilities, the project would also be the first in the Middle East using CO₂ injection for enhanced oil recovery. 1971—2009(Hide quotations) 1988
(Nexis)
15 Dec.
We need to develop and deploy carbon capture and storage technology as a national priority. 2021 J. Phillips & L. Fischer
(E3G)
21
Unprecedented progress would be needed on Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) within the next decade if it is to play any meaningful role in the transition period. 1988—2021(Hide quotations) 1871 24 340
The consequence of the accumulation of oxygen is the fracture of the carbon chain. 1946 A. Nelson i. 11
This molecule is so constructed that it is basic at one end of a carbon chain and acid at the other. 2001 J. H. Holloway in R. Catlow & S. Greenfield 89
Because the carbon chain of Teflon is surrounded by small non-polarizable fluorine atoms, the surface tends to ‘repel’ other materials and to be slippery. 1871—2001(Hide quotations) 1965 12 Apr. 31/1
A three-year, $25 million program on carbon composite materials. 1996 23 Mar. 34/3
Carbon composites are built up from layers of carbon fibres laid down at right angles to each other, like the grain in successive sheets of plywood. 2005 22 Aug. 9/2
Instead of aluminium, much of the twin-engined, twin-aisle plane will be built with carbon composite. 1965—2005(Hide quotations) 1990 26 Apr. a27
Economists and some politicians are talking of carbon taxes and carbon credits. 2001 E. Losos in R. A. Fimbel et al. xxvii. 631
The recent sale of national carbon credits from Costa Rica to the government of Norway for $10/ton C—totaling $2,000,000. 2006
(National ed.)
28 Dec. c4/2
225 companies that have made promises to reduce greenhouse gases..are trading carbon credits on the Chicago Climate Exchange. 1990—2006(Hide quotations) 1991 M. P. Narayanan in R. K. Pachauri et al. I. vi. 60
The industrialised countries have built up a massive carbon debt vis-a-vis developing countries like India. 2000 N. Moss iii. 68
These debts are dwarfed by the huge and rising carbon debt owed by the rich countries to the global community. 2011
(Nexis)
6 Apr. 22
Burning biomass releases carbon dioxide instantly, while repaying that carbon debt through new tree growth takes years. 1991—2011(Hide quotations) 1868 H. B. Jones & H. Watts
(ed. 10)
ii. 218
Carbon disulphide or bisulphide. 1955 K. Hutton & A. Swallow xiv. 208
The [wood] pulp is boiled up with caustic soda and carbon disulphide and turns into a golden, syrupy liquid called viscose. 2004 112 A756/3
Breathing low concentrations of carbon disulfide..can cause headache, tiredness, and nerve damage. 1868—2004(Hide quotations) 1921 23 Nov. 546/1
Some gas administrators in Scotland stuck tenaciously to their 18 and up to even 22 candle gas, with all its incomplete combustion and carbon emission. 1968 A. 307 151
The combustion of carbon particles can be quite important for the final carbon emission of combustion chambers, engines, etc. 1977 67 345/1
Table 1 shows the calculated U.S. energy consumption and world carbon emissions along the uncontrolled and controlled paths. 1990 Sept. 123/1
Many politicians believe it is politically impossible to impose a tax high enough to drive down carbon emissions. 2003 S. J. Segal i. 7
With less than 5% of the world's population, the United States is responsible for 23% of the world's carbon emission. 1921—2003(Hide quotations) 1863 8 303
The sun may be said..to be the ultimate cause of carbon fixation. 1917 J. W. Harshberger iii. 27
In the process of photosynthesis, or carbon fixation, by green plants..free oxygen is formed. 1993 R. L. Zimdahl viii. 150
The Cthree cycle for carbon fixation is the dominant mechanism in plants. 2000 26 Oct. 959/3
According to their data, C4 carbon fixation may be confined to the cytoplasm, spatially segregated from the Rubisco process, which occurs in the chloroplasts. 1863—2000(Hide quotations) 1999 Apr. 86/2
To cancel out the damage we do, Morrell believes we should plant trees, and that in doing so an individual or organisation can erase their carbon ‘footprint’. 2006
(Nexis)
10 June d16
Somebody who wants to reduce his ‘carbon footprint’ can bicycle to work. 2011
(Real Bread Campaign)
No. 6. 10/1
Grain shipped to the UK from Australia will have a lower carbon footprint than if this same quantity of grain had been transported the same distance overland in a fleet of lorries. 1999—2011(Hide quotations) 1951 14 28
Dr Libby's results show them to be about 2,000 years old, which is consistent with other carbon-14 dates obtained from Peruvian samples. 2005 40 67/1
We would wish to see some historical evidence that the Shroud existed before the carbon-14 date. 1951—2005(Hide quotations) 1957 12 25
This deposit was carbon-14 dated as being 6310 ±250 years old. 2003
(Nexis)
12 Sept. b 2
The wood was carbon-14 dated to 1410 and tentatively identified as a species unknown in North America. 1957—2003(Hide quotations) 1950 R. F. Heizer
(rev. ed.)
xx. 66/1
The newly discovered method of Carbon 14 dating. 1968 G. Jones Introd. 5
A carbon-14 dating of c. 1000 for some of the artefacts discovered at L'Asne-aux-Meadows in Newfoundland is crucial for the Norse discovery of North America. 1997 T. Mackintosh-Smith
(1999)
ii. 45
Carbon-14 dating has given their age as around 2,300 years. 1950—1997(Hide quotations) 1890 J. Cagney tr. R. von Jaksch 105
A carbon-free flame from a spirit- or gas-lamp. 1958 Mar. 47/3
Carbon-free ferro-chrome, one of the basic raw materials of special alloy steels. 1988
(Nexis)
15 Oct.
Nuclear energy, while controversial for other reasons, is also a carbon-free alternative. 2001 2 Jan. 11/1
A carbon-free breakdown service under which the fuel used by the garage attending to a breakdown vehicle would be measured and trees planted to ‘neutralise’ the pollution. 2007 12 Feb. r10/1
Texas universities are pushing hard to develop carbon-free energy. 1890—2007(Hide quotations) 1867
(Royal Soc.)
157 106
Two rods of gas-carbon, half an inch square, were placed in the carbon-holders of the beautiful apparatus for regulating the electric light, recently invented by M. Foucault. 1944 R. H. O'Kane Let. 3 Sept. in
(2005)
105
The following list of failures for this patrol alone help to illustrate the situation... August 10, 1944. Carbon holder broke. Silver soldered holder and renewed carbons. 1867—1944(Hide quotations) 1879 Aug. 173/1
The electric carbon lamps or candles of Jablochkoff were very defective. 1950 L. E. Hawker vi. 183
Those [sporangiophores] of Pilobolus turn towards a tungsten lamp, which emits a high proportion of blue rays, more readily than to a carbon lamp of twice the total candle-power. 1992 66 312
GE's and National's carbon lamps were considerably more expensive than those of some independent manufacturers. 1879—1992(Hide quotations) [1850 2 Feb. 158/3
The power of the galvanic current in giving the brilliant Electro Carbon light, has been frequently trumpeted before the world.]
1857 11 453
Little has been said..of this new plan of overcoming the difficulties which carbon light presented. 1863 18 335
The carbon light and the photometric apparatus prepared for the purpose were placed in line across the same apartment. 1915 F. I. Anderson i. 18
The advantage of tungsten lights is that they give three times as much light for the same expenditure of current as carbon lights. 1973 109 416/2
Because of the small amount of the carbon light, they [sc. neutrons] will likely remain undetected. 1997
(Nexis)
10 July (Features section)
He remained in obscurity for ten years, until he was rescued by the carbon lights of the stage. 1857—1997(Hide quotations) 1879 7 1/1
The carbon microphone..has already proved a practical instrument for sending articulate sounds. 1935 H. C. Bryson iii. 59
Three main kinds of microphone are in common use: the carbon microphone, the condenser microphone, and the moving coil microphone. 2005 31 168
The sensor is a single button type carbon microphone. 1879—2005(Hide quotations) 1991 www.nec.co.jp 6 Nov.
(O.E.D. Archive)
NEC Corporation today announced that it has discovered ‘Carbon Nanotubes’—ultrafine tube-shaped graphite crystals that measure on a nanometer scale. [1991 S. Iijima in 7 Nov. 56/1
I report the preparation of a new type of finite carbon structure consisting of needle-like tubes... Microtubules of graphitic carbon.]
1992 P. M. Ajayan & S. Iijima in 2 July 23/1
We have recently reported the discovery of carbon nanotubes. 2002 T. Pratchett et al. viii. 88
All you need is a material with enough tensile strength, perhaps some composite involving carbon nanotubes. 2007 Mar. 81/1
Carbon nanotubes, cylinders 100 times stronger and six times lighter than steel, could lead to taller and stronger buildings. 1991—2007(Hide quotations) 1989 M. Fosberg in
(1990)
(100th Congr., 1st Sess.) 16
If we allow the forest to live its natural life,..we have a carbon-neutral environment; that is the carbon is returned back to the atmosphere through the decay process. 1992 20 July 18/4
It [sc. the plant miscanthus] is also carbon neutral, extracting as much carbon dioxide during growth as is expelled when it is burnt. 2000 Jan. 14/2
FTA member company Access Freight claims to have become the first ‘carbon neutral’ freight transport company. 2007 601 2556/2
Sunlight is by far the most plentiful of all carbon-neutral energy sources. 1989—2007(Hide quotations) 1990 F. Lyman et al. iv. 93
In 1989, the first ‘carbon offset’ project was launched with considerable fanfare. 1993 83 319/1
The modeling teams assumed..no carbon offsets, such as those that might result from tree planting. 1998 3 Oct. (Mag.) 33/2
Then comes the clever bit, the ‘carbon-offset’..: planting five trees and allowing them to grow to maturity will cancel out a year's worth of emissions from your car. 2007 23 May 20/1
Given that you are probably going to fly anyway, is there still a point in buying a carbon offset? 1990—2007(Hide quotations) 1989 M. C. Trexler et al. Contents p. i,
(heading)
Verifying the Guatemala Project's Carbon Offsetting Potential. 2006 27 Nov. 8/1
It will be the first company to incorporate ‘carbon offsetting’ into its web-based ticket booking system, so that people see the carbon dioxide emissions produced by each flight and the amount needed to offset them. 2015
(Nexis)
24 Aug.
A key carbon offsetting scheme was so open to abuse that three quarters of its allowances lacked environmental integrity. 1989—2015(Hide quotations) 1857 12 Dec. 559/2
A variety of apparatuses have from time to time been constructed on the principle of an approximating motion between carbon pencils. 1913 H. Speed xx. 280
Carbon pencils are similar to Conté, but smoother in working and do not rub. 1936 E. A. Atkins & A. G. Walker
(ed. 3)
xiii. 143
A suitable holder to take the carbon pencil is required. 1994 18 Aug. 17/5
They..made him experiment with charcoal, carbon-pencil, watercolour, chalk, brown ink and tinted paper. 1857—1994(Hide quotations) 1858 1 Nov. 248/2
The following remarks..occur in an article by Mr. Seely, headed, ‘Carbon Photographs,—Photo-Engraving, &c.’ 1902 J. Conrad End of Tether ii, in
(1903)
172
He had before his eyes the big carbon photographs of his daughter, her husband, and two fat-legged babies—his grandchildren. 1920 Sept. 165/2
One exhibitor goes in for imitating in pastel the surface quality of carbon photographs. 1858—1920(Hide quotations) 1858 15 Dec. 306/2
I wrote a letter..offering to produce before him a Carbon print by my process, and a silver print from the same negative. 1927 S. Lewis xvii. 241
His living-room was overpowering with portraits and carbon prints. 1994 52 17/1
(caption)
He arranged for the Alsatian firm of Adolph Braun and Company, to reproduce it as a collotype (or autotype, a carbon print that results from a photomechanical process). 1858—1994(Hide quotations) 1858 1 Oct. 224/1
Carbon printing is now beginning to attract considerable attention on the Continent. 1938 R. Hum xxviii. 774
In carbon printing a mixture of gelatine, carbon and dichromate is used. 1999 38 126/1
Carbon printing, introduced by Alphonse Poitevin in 1855, seemed to possess all the stability requirements. 1858—1999(Hide quotations) 1858 15 Dec. 306/1
(heading)
The carbon process. 1879
(new ed.)
III. 326
The perfecting of a carbon process has been the work of considerable time. 1940 G. H. J. Adlam & L. S. Price
(ed. 2)
xlvii. 495
In the photographic process called the carbon process, dichromated gelatine is mixed with some coloured pigment and coated on to paper. 2004 C. Anderson v. 154
The carbon process was not adopted across the presidencies; in Madras, photographers were said to be unsure about it. 1858—2004(Hide quotations) 1989 18 76
We can count, for carbon-sequestration purposes, only those fuelwood areas that are planted over and above those areas that are felled for burning. 1999 T. M. Cronin ii. 26
Eastern Pacific Ocean upwelling..represents a major part of the biological pump and a means of carbon sequestration into the oceans. 2003 10 Feb. 78/1
The Bush administration would invest as much as $90 million in research on burying carbon dioxide. BP and ChevronTexaco are studying the strategy, called carbon sequestration. 1989—2003(Hide quotations) 1963 3 172
The carbon sink was tantalum as Ta2C formation was observed. 1975 25 680/1
Although forest ecosystems represent a potential carbon sink, their effectiveness is being curtailed by man's reduction of the forest biomass. 1976 B. 55 447/1
Alanine is thought to function as a carbon sink in amino acid metabolism. 2000 3 Jan. 66/1
As the planet's largest carbon sink, the deep sea is a prime spot for large-scale sequestration [of carbon]. 2006 8 Apr. 9/2
Under the Kyoto protocol, countries are already allowed to offset their emissions with carbon absorbed by purpose-built ‘carbon sink’ forests. 1963—2006(Hide quotations) 1870 J. P. Cooke xix. 485
The arrangement of the atoms in the carbon skeleton that may be regarded as the nucleus of the group. 1947 Dec. 15/2
The main product of the Willgerodt reaction, phenylacetamide, is formed without rearrangement of the carbon skeleton. 2000 W. Cabri & R. Di Fabio vii. 151
Grignard addition on to dimethylformamide gave 6-methoxynaphthaldehyde, which, via aldol condensation with acetone, gave the carbon skeleton of the molecule. 1870—2000(Hide quotations) 1921 A. 99 150
If these arguments are correct, we are not justified in speaking of a star as a Hydrogen, Helium, or Carbon star, thereby suggesting that these elements form the chief ingredients in the chemical composition of the star. 1971 I. G. Gass et al. ix. 131/1
In the so-called ‘carbon stars’, the carbon : hydrogen ratio is greatly enhanced. 1992 S. P. Maran 716/2
N stars..display strong molecular bands of C2, CH, CN, and C3 in their spectra—they are the ‘classical’ carbon stars. 1921—1992(Hide quotations) 1856 26 Apr. 264/1
Carbon steel becomes coarse when tempered in thick masses, from segregation of the particles of carbon. 1905 18 May 69/1
The polyhedral or ‘austenitic’ type of structure has never been obtained alone in a pure carbon steel. 1969 D. K. Allen vii. 194/2
Most all carbon steels can be quench-hardened but the hardness does not become appreciable until the carbon content..reaches about 0·35 percent. 1997 Oct. 56/2
Drills may be of carbon steel, ideal for general woodwork, or of high speed steel..for drilling metal. 1856—1997(Hide quotations) 1916 Sept. 294
With the simplest bacteria which live directly on the lifeless world we find that most of the fundamental chemical energies of the living world are already established, namely..the protein and carbon storage, the primary food supply of the living world. 1989 S. H. Schneider
(1990)
vi. 178
Spruce, fir, and hardwood forests would be replaced ‘by a stunted pine-oak forest of much lower carbon storage’. 2010 29 Oct. 596/1
Similar modeling strategies have been adopted to investigate carbon storage in complex, inaccessible, and chemically heterogeneous geological media such as saline aquifers and unmineable coal seams. 1916—2010(Hide quotations) [1879 H. Watts 3rd Suppl. i. 404
Carbon oxides,—Suboxides. Berthelot has obtained a suboxide of carbon, C4O3(?)..by the action of the galvanic current on carbon monoxide.]
1885 E. H. Bartley iii. 170
Carbon suboxide is an amorphous extractive matter formed by the action of an electric current upon carbon oxide. 1936 S. Glasstone v. 219
Electron-diffraction measurements of inter-atomic distances have also thrown light on the structure of carbon suboxide, C3O2. 1991 232 147
A variety of recently synthesized unexpected carbon suboxides and subsulphides is reviewed. 1885—1991(Hide quotations) 1979 W. D. Nordhaus viii. 137
In the real world, the policy can take the form either of taxing carbon emissions or of physical controls... In practice, the use of taxes is much simpler... I therefore will concentrate on ‘carbon taxes’ as a way of implementing the global policy on a decentralized, individual level. 1990 Dec. 14/1
70 percent of US citizens now support a carbon tax, which would penalize all energy sources that produce the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. 2004 80 576/1
Even a relatively broad based environmental tax such as a carbon tax is much narrower than is the income tax. 1979—2004(Hide quotations) 1926 5 Dec. 13/1
(advt.)
Dog owners. For those running fits. ‘Carbon tet.’ St. Albans Drug Store. 1979 W. Zander iv. 58
I'm busy gearing up. Sponges! Carbon Tet! 2003
(Nexis)
1 Sept. 52
Suppose you encounter a synthesized chemical (e.g., carbon tetrachloride). You note its uniquely pungent odor (not recommended, as carbon tet is toxic). 1926—2003(Hide quotations) 1868 H. B. Jones & H. Watts
(ed. 10)
iii. 654
Carbon tetrachloride, CCl4,..belongs to another series being the chlorine analogous to marsh-gas. 1936 S. Glasstone i. 50
The reaction was stopped by the addition of crushed ice, and the organic iodide extracted by means of carbon tetrachloride. 2001 O. Sacks viii. 89
Chloroform..had the same sort of smell as carbon tetrachloride (sold as the dry-cleaning fluid Thawpit). 1868—2001(Hide quotations) 1868 M. C. Lea (end matter) 14
(advt.)
Beyrich & Vogel's carbon tissue, $4 per dozen. 1900 1 Mar. 416/1
To pigment the image, a piece of carbon tissue is soaked in a weak solution containing acetic acid, hydroquinone, and ferrous sulphate, squeezed on to the print and allowed to dry. 1942 K. Williams 7 Jan.
(1993)
2
I made a carbon tissue print. 2000 S. King in J. Barnier vii. 89
The hand manufacture of carbon tissue described here makes it possible to produce images in any color imaginable. 1868—2000(Hide quotations) 1992 20 400/2
In one scenario, carbon trading occurs at the primary level with a stabilization constraint on carbon content at the distribution level. 2001 5 Mar. 14/3
On its own carbon trading will do virtually nothing to solve what is probably the most serious problem we face this century. 2003 D. Elliott
(ed. 2)
iii. 63
The various proposals for carbon emission permits and carbon trading arrangements that emerged from the Kyoto climate change accord. 2006
(Nexis)
18 Nov. b4
If Australia..introduced carbon trading it would cut the value of our national income over the next 50 years by a mere 0.16 per cent. 1992—2006(Hide quotations) 1878 Nov. 245/1
Edison's carbon transmitter. 1944 Nov. 333/1
The variable resistance microphone, such as the carbon transmitter, and the electrodynamic and condenser microphones are now joined by the crystal microphone. 1977 3 June ii. 4/2
Edison..helped Alexander Graham Bell open up the world of telephone communication by introducing the carbon transmitter. 1878—1977(Hide quotations) Back to top
| | This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2023). In this entry: | Sort by: Entry | Date - carbolize, v.1870
- carbolized, adj.1867
- carbo-load, n. and adj.1982
- carbo-load, v.1983
- carbo-loading, n.1975
- car bomb, n.1923
- car-bomb, v.1973
- car bomber, n.1919
- carbomycin, n.1952
- carbon, n.1788
- carbon, v.1922
- carbona, n.1843
- carbonaceous, adj.1727
- carbonade, n.1651
- carbonade, v.1634
- carbonado, n.11575
- carbonado, n.2a1853
- carbonado, v.1596
- carbonara, n.1962
- Carbonaro, n.1818
- carbonatation, n.1869
- carbonate, n.1788
- carbonate, v.11629
- carbonate, v.21794
- carbonated, adj.11659
- carbonated, adj.21788
- carbonating, n.1825
- carbonation, n.1813
- carbonatite, n.1924
- carbonator, n.1841
- carbon black, n.1872
- carbon-copied, adj.1899
- carbon copy, n.1876
- carbon copy, v.1914
- carbon cycle, n.1901
- carbon date, n.1950
- carbon-date, v.1953
- carbon-dated, adj.1951
- carbon dating, n.1952
- carbon dioxide, n.1867
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